IP-Backhaul for Mobile Networks

ORGANIZATIONS AND STANDARDIZATIONS

• 3GPP & IETF
• Layer 2 Ethernet and L1 transmission options

MOBILE BACKHAUL BACKGROUND

• Backhaul Network Costs Distribution
• Basic Backhaul Technologies and Developments
• Topology
• Drivers for the MBH Network Change
• Traffic Growth, Dense Networks
• Revenue Per Bit Decreasing and Lowered Operational Costs

MOBILE SERVICE DEVELOPMENTS AND TRAFFIC GROWTH

• Traffic Forecasts for Proper MBH Design
• Traffic Peak Rates
• Average Service Bit Rate
• Traffic Distribution Into Classes
• Mobile Network Developments
• More Native Packet Traffic
• Flat Mobile Network Architecture
• Redundancy
• Direct Links Between New Base Stations
• Urban (Hot Spot) Cell Sites
• Connecting Temporary Cells
• Backhaul Cost-Efficiency Improvements
• Improved Ability to Handle Bursty Traffic
• Optimized Backhaul Dimensioning
• Lower Operational Costs
• Network Simplification
• New Equipment and Automation

DEVELOPMENTS IN GENERAL TRANSPORT

• L3 to L2 QoS mapping in LTE and GSM/GPRS nodes
• Packet-Based Backhaul Networks
• Physical Network and Topology
• Logical Network and Protocol Layers
• Making Transition to Packet Technology Networks
• Transition Strategies for Packet-Based Backhaul
• Target MBH Network
• Serving Existing and New Mobile Systems
• Different Types of Areas
• Overlay or Replacement
• Leased Lines and Out-Sourced Transport Services
• Implementing Transition and Network Evolution
• Planning the Changes
• Addition of New Equipment and Links
• Parallel Working of Old and New

2G & 3G MOBILE SYSTEMS

• • Radio Technologies and Backhaul
  • 3GPP Releases
  • Network Evolution – 2G
  • Circuit Switched and Packet Switched Traffic
  • Abis
  • Network Evolution – 3G
  • Protocol Stacks for Circuit Switched and Packet Switched Traffic
  • Air Interface Channels
  • FP, MAC and RLC Protocols
  • HSDPA

Iub, Iur, Iu-cs, Iu-ps and GTP-U

LTE

• • 3GPP Releases. LTE
  • Architecture
  • Packet Switched Traffic, Protocol Stack
  • Air Interface
  • S1 and X2
  • Bearers and Connections
  • Mobility Management
  • Interworking with 2G and 3G
  • Voice Support

Self Configuration and Self-Optimization

PACKET NETWORKS

• Network Overview
• TCP/IP and Comparison CS/PS
• Backhaul and Transport Services
• Access, Aggregation and Core
• 3GPP Guidance for the Backhaul
• Networking and Backhaul
• Physical Interfaces, High Data Rates
• Ethernet Ports
• E1/T1/JT1
• Ethernet, Medium & Devices
• SDH/Sonet, PPP and ML-PPP
• PPP over Sonet/SDH
• Carrier Ethernet
• Ethernet Bridging and Link Aggregation
• VLANs & Class of Service
• Ethernet O&M
• Provider Bridging
• MPLS Based Carrier Ethernet

INTERNET PROTOCOL

• Network Protocols
• Layered communication
• OSI Reference Model, functions and advantages
• TCP/IP Model and Protocol stack
• Data and TCP/IP Encapsulation / Decapsulation
• Layer 2, Internet Protocol Function, IP
• IP Packet and IP Fragmentation
• IHL & TTL
• Type of Service (TOS)
• Comparison IPv4 and IPv6
• Data link Layer Standards
• Ethernet, Token Ring, LAN
• Principle of Shared Ethernet: CSMA/CD
• MAC and Spanning Tree
• WMMap-2, IPv4 Routing
• HUBs vs. Switches vs. Routers
• Routing, Routing Table, Static and Dynamic routing
• Popular routing protocols
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
• Layer 4, Transport Layer, TCP/UDP
• Port addressing & Port Assignment
• SCTP

APPLICATIONS & INTERNET

• ICMP and PING
• Traceroute or Tracert
• ARP
• DNS
• Multimedia over IP (Both TCP & UDP)
• Integration of Switching and Routing
• PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN, GAN

BACKHAUL TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES

• Overview of Backbone Network
• Network Architecture of Backbone Network
• MPLS/ IP Applications
• Label Distribution Protocol
• MPLS L3 VPN and MP-BGP
• Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge
• MPLS L2 VPN-VPLS and MPLS-TE/TP
• Access Schemes
• PDH, SDH and OTH
• Next Generation SDH
• ATM and Hybrid TDM/Packet

WIRELESS/WIRELINE BACKHAUL TECHNOLOGY

• Wireless Backhaul Technology
• Radio Wave Propagation, Frequencies and Capacities
• Network Topologies
• Availability, Resiliency and Performance
• DSL Technologies
• Optical Technology
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
• Passive Optical Network (PON)
• Ethernet Interfaces
• DOCSIS
• Aggregation and Backbone Tiers
• Leased Line Services for Mobile Backhaul
• Ethernet Services and SLA’s (MEF)
• UNI and EVC
• Ethernet Service Definitions
• Ethernet Private/Virtual Private Line/LAN Service
• Service Level Agreement and Service Attributes
• Bandwidth Profiles (BWP)
• Service Performance
• Leased Ethernet Service Offering
• IP as a Backhaul Service

SYNCHRONIZATION

• Requirements for Frequency Accuracy
• CDMA and TDD Systems
• Single-frequency Network
• E911 Phase II OTDOA
• Frequency Synchronization in TDM Networks
• Synchronization Architecture in TDM Networks
• Freq. Synchronization in Packet Networks
• ACR (Adaptive Clock Recovery)
• NTP & PTP Protocol, ITU PTP Telecom Profile
• Synchronous Ethernet
• Optical Transport Network
• One-way Synchronous Ethernet Links
• TICTOC
• Synchronization Metrics for TDM and Synchronous Ethernet
• Stability Metric MTIE
• Packet Synchronization Fundamentals and Metrics
• The Principles of Packet Timing
• MATIE and MAFE
• Pktfiltered MTIE
• Floor Delay Packet Population
• Two-way Messaging
• Delay Jumps
• Testing Packet Timing Slaves
• Rules of Thumb for Packet Timing Network Implementation
• GNSS Systems and PTP for Time Synchronization

RESILIENCE

• MTBF and MTTR
• Increased Availability, Network Failures and Human Errors
• Native Ethernet and Resilience
• Ethernet Bridging
• Spanning Tree Operation
• Carrier Grade Ethernet
• MEF Services
• Ethernet OAM, IP Layer, VRRP
• Load Sharing, Routing Protocols, OSPF & BFD
• Loop Free Alternates
• MPLS Resilience, Label Allocation
• LDP Sessions
• IP MPLS VPN & VPLS
• MPLS TE, MPLS OAM & MPLS-TP
• GMPLS Control Plane
• Resilience in BTS Access
• IP Addressing & Active-Passive Ports
• IP Load Sharing
• Ethernet Link Aggregation
• OSPF in the Access
• Static Routes
• First Hop Gateway Redundancy
• Microwave Access Links
• Attachment to a MEF Service
• BSC and RNC and Their Site Solutions
• VRRP Example
• SCTP Multihoming
• Use of Multiple Core Network Nodes

QoS

• WMMap 3: QoS
• Table Value ranges
• End User and Transport Layer Service
• End-to-End QoS
• QoS Alignment with Radio and Backhaul
• Per-Hop behaviour
• MPLS Traffic Class
• Priority Bits
• VLANS
• QoS with MEF Services
• Ingress & Egress
• Egress Scheduling, Queue Management
• Schedulers, Buffering, Tail Drop
• Active Queue Management and Shaping
• 2G, Native PCM-Based Abis and Abis over Pseudowire
• 3G/HSPA, Bearers and Their Attributes
• Iub, User Plane and O&M
• Synchronization (by Packet)
• Congestion Control, Admission Control
• Co-existence of Radio Networks

SECURITY

• Security in 3GPP Mobile Networks, 2G, 3G and LTE
• Network Domain Security
• Management Traffic
• Protection of the Backhaul
• Leased Service, Ethernet Services and Traffic Separation
• IEEE 802, MEF, IPsec and IKE Protocol
• Anti-Replay Protection
• Network Element Authentication
• Firewalls and Access Control Lists
• Network Control Protocols Protection
• IP Sec VPN Deployment and Profiles
• VPN Resilience and Fragmentation
• LTE S1 and X2 Study Case

PACKET BACKHAUL SOLUTIONS

• Creating a Packet Based MBH Solution
• MBH Solution Starting Points
• MBH Optimization Considerations
• Optimization for Operator, Region for Flexibility and Implementation
• MBH Solution Alternatives
• Enhancing SDH/Sonet with NG-SDH/MSPP or with a Pkt. Overlay
• Fully Packet Based Networks for MBH Access
• Green-Field-, Overlay- and “Fill-in” Case
• Outsourcing the MBH Network or Parts of it
• Economic, Technical, Strategic and Organizational Considerations
• MBH Solution for 3G/LTE in Dense Urban-/Suburban Area
• MBH Solution in Rural Area for New 3G Network
• From the Selected MBH Solution to Detailed Network Plans